* Do as much as you can to avoid confrontations - Anticipation and Avoidance are the key words. If you get caught up in a bad situation - try to talk to an aggressor without provoking them. Practice relaxation as appearing fearful or stressed can actually provoke an attack. Remember that body language is important in aggressive situations so maintain a comfortable distance between you and the aggressor.

* Use a gas or electronic attack alarm as these give out a short piercing sound and will temporarily disorientate an attacker giving you enough time to escape. Carry it somewhere where you can get to it quickly - don't leave it buried at the bottom of your bag where it's virtually useless in an attack. If you don't have an alarm just make a noise yourself by screaming as loud as you can or shouting "Police!!" If you're loud enough this can be just as effective as a personal alarm. If you have an alarm use it and shout as well.

* Steady yourself if there is a threat of danger. Panic can disable you so again it’s useful to learn how to keep calm and in control in a difficult situation. If you must fight back adopt what police term the "Bash and Dash" approach. Best targets are eyes, nose, mouth, ears, throat, groin, knees or shins. Choose whichever is easiest to get to - bash 'em and take off!!

* If held from behind don't struggle forward because you'll only exhaust yourself. Instead you should throw yourself backwards to surprise your attacker or stomp on the lower leg or foot or kick back and connect with any area possible to throw them off giving you the edge on breaking free.

* You have the right to defend yourself with reasonable force and this includes using items you have with you such as an umbrella, bag, briefcase, chopsticks or keys. However check your state and region and don't carry or use anything that the law would regard as an offensive weapon or you could be fined or arrested once free of your attacker. Once you've achieved your primary aim of stunning or surprising your attacker get away as fast as you can. If you manage to overcome them don't attack again or you could be putting yourself in more danger or you could end up being charged with assault or even killed in the attempt.

* These are just the very basics of self-defense but you can learn more by finding a local self-defense class and encourage your family and friends to join along with you. Just remember "Anticipation and Avoidance" are the best forms of defense!!